
Pakistan’s Cyber Warfare in the 2025 India–Pakistan Digital Conflict
Cyber warfare has rapidly transitioned from a support function to a primary instrument of national strategy in modern conflicts. With its inherent advantages—low cost, deniability, and strategic precision—cyber operations have empowered states to disrupt adversary systems, manipulate narratives, and achieve political aims without conventional escalation. This has been evident in the cyber-heavy engagements seen in…